Dragos Ilie and a team at Imperial College London have proposed Compact Shielded CSV, a post-quantum blockchain design that moves payment proofs off-chain. The proposed on-chain record for a single-input transaction contains three 32-byte hashes, totaling 96 bytes.
Ilie said a wallet would verify an incoming payment’s proof locally and would need a connection to at least one honest node. He said verifying a STARK zero-knowledge proof on a phone takes under 100 milliseconds; generating a proof for an outgoing payment takes more work. He also predicted lower transaction fees than on current chains, rather than reporting measured fees.
